Estados hipertensivos del embarazo y complicaciones materno-perinatales en el Hospital Regional De Ciudad del Este

Introducción: Los estados hipertensivos del embarazo son un conjunto de patologías que puede producir muerte o discapacidad crónica en las madres, en los fetos y recién nacidos. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de los estados hipertensivos del embarazo y las complicaciones materno-perinatales en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal descriptivo con muestreo no probabilístico. Se estudiaron a todas las mujeres embarazadas con estados hipertensivos del embarazo o asociado al mismo que tuvieron eventos obstétricos en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este en los años 2018 al 2020. Los datos fueron analizados en el Software Stata 12.0. Resultados: Se estudiaron a 7056 pacientes. Se encontraron 11,9% participantes con estados hipertensivos del embarazo, 55,3% con mayor frecuencia entre los 20 a 35 años, el 71,3% tuvieron control prenatal de mala calidad, se encontraron el 42,8% con preeclampsia. El 65,2% terminaron por cesárea, 27,8% Síndrome de HELLP, el 1,4% presentaron requerimiento de terapia intensiva y 0,6% muerte materna. Con respecto a las complicaciones perinatales se encontraron bajo peso al nacer en 30,2% y muerte del 2%. Conclusión: Se registró alta frecuencia de estados hipertensivos del embarazo con alto porcentaje de complicaciones, mala calidad de control prenatal. Entre las complicaciones perinatales más frecuentes fueron el bajo peso al nacer y la más grave es la muerte.

Introduction: Hypertensive states of pregnancy are a set of pathologies that can cause death or chronic disability in mothers, fetuses and newborns. Objective: To determine the frequency of hypertensive states of pregnancy and maternal-perinatal complications at the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study with non-probability sampling. All pregnant women with hypertensive states of pregnancy or associated with pregnancy who had obstetric events at the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este in the years 2018 to 2020 were studied. The data were analyzed in Stata 12.0 software. Results: A total of 7056 patients were studied. 11.9% of participants had hypertensive states of pregnancy, and among them, 55.3% were found to be more frequent from 20 to 35 years of age, 71.3% had poor prenatal care, and 42.8% had preeclampsia. 65.2% of the participants ended up with cesarean delivery, 27.8% had HELLP syndrome, 1.4% required intensive care and 0.6% ended in maternal death. Regarding perinatal complications, low birth weight was found in 30.2%, and death at birth in 2%. Conclusion: A high frequency of hypertensive states of pregnancy with a high percentage of complications and poor quality of prenatal control was registered. One of the most common perinatal complications were low birth weight, and the most serious was death.

Características sociodemográficas y factores de riesgo clínico de los pacientes fallecidos por COVID-19 en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, 2021-2022

Introducción: la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 ha tenido un gran impacto en nuestro país, tras haber marcado presencia en todo el mundo, produciendo altas tasas de mortalidad en pacientes según edad y con factores de riesgo asociados. Objetivo: determinar características sociodemográficas y los factores de riesgo clínico de los pacientes fallecidos por infección por SARS-CoV-2 en el Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, en el periodo 2021 y 2022. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal con muestreo no probabilístico. La población estudiada fue de los pacientes fallecidos con resultado positivo de RT-PCR para SARS-CoV-2, que fueron internados en el servicio de Medicina Interna y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital Regional de Ciudad del Este en el periodo mencionado. Las variables analizadas fueron: mortalidad, sexo, edad, factores de riesgo y áreas de hospitalización. Resultados: se incluyeron 844 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección por coronavirus, la mortalidad fue 38,86%. De los fallecidos, 56,71% era del sexo masculino, mayor a 60 años en 60,67% de los casos. Además, 63,72% presentaba factores de riesgo clínicos, siendo los más frecuentes la hipertensión arterial (56,46%) y diabetes mellitus (51,67%). De los pacientes fallecidos que no presentaron factores de riesgo clínico, 56,30% eran mayores de 60 años. El 13,11% de los fallecidos fueron en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Conclusión: la mayoría de los pacientes fallecidos por infección por SARS-CoV-2 fueron mayores de 60 años y del sexo masculino. Entre los factores de riesgo predominaron la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus y la obesidad.

Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2 disease has had a great impact in our country, after having marked its presence throughout the world, producing high mortality rates in patients according to age and with associated risk factors. Objective: To determine sociodemographic characteristics and clinical risk factors of patients who died due to SARS-CoV-2 infection at the Regional Hospital of Ciudad del Este, Paraguay, in the period 2021 and 2022. Methodology: An observational, descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out with non-probabilistic sampling. The population studied was deceased patients with a positive RT-PCR result for SARS-CoV-2, who were admitted to the Internal Medicine service and Intensive Care Unit of the Ciudad del Este Regional Hospital in the above-mentioned period. The variables analyzed were mortality, sex, age, risk factors and areas of hospitalization. Results: Eight hundred forty-four patients with a diagnosis of coronavirus infection were included, mortality rate was 38.86%. Of the deceased, 56.71% were male, over 60 years of age in 60.67% of the cases. Furthermore, 63.72% had clinical risk factors, the most frequent being high blood pressure (56.46%) and diabetes mellitus (51.67%). Of the deceased patients who did not present clinical risk factors, 56.30% were over 60 years of age and 13.11% of the deaths were in the Intensive Care Unit. Conclusion: Most patients who died from SARS-CoV-2 infection were over 60 years of age and male. High blood pressure, diabetes mellitus and obesity predominated among the risk factors.

Beneficios del consumo de dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular: un patrón que debe convertirse en el común denominador

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares siguen siendo la principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad en el mundo. Y aunque existen herramientas terapéuticas y farmacológicas que ayudan a controlar la incidencia de desenlaces cardiovasculares con la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular, las inequidades en el acceso oportuno a servicios de salud y de determinantes sociales de la salud impiden que toda la población con esta necesidad pueda recibir esta ayuda terapéutica. Es así, como se da prioridad a las intervenciones no farmacológicas, dentro de las que se destaca, la dieta, la cual ha demostrado influir significativamente en la salud cardiovascular y en la expectativa de vida del ser humano. Particularmente, la dieta mediterránea, basada esencialmente en el consumo de frutas, vegetales, granos, legumbres, aceite de oliva, especias, seguido de proteína derivada de pescado y comida de mar, ha demostrado proveer cierto grado de protección frente a enfermedades cardiometabólicas. Sin embargo, se desconoce con certeza cuál es el impacto en la población con elevado riesgo cardiovascular y, por ende, enfermedad cardiovascular establecida. Considerando la evolución de la evidencia en los patrones dietarios, así como la necesidad de conocer qué tanto impactan las dietas viables en nuestro medio, sobre todo en aquellos con mayor riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedad cardiovascular, el objetivo de esta revisión consiste en exponer evidencia actualizada sobre los beneficios de la dieta mediterránea en individuos con elevado riesgo cardiovascular. Para esto, se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Scielo.

Cardiovascular diseases continue to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there are therapeutic and pharmacological tools that help control the incidence of cardiovascular outcomes by reducing cardiovascular risk, inequities in timely access to healthcare services and social determinants of health prevent the entire population in need from receiving this therapeutic assistance. Thus, non-pharmacological interventions are prioritized, among which the diet stands out, as it has been shown to significantly influence cardiovascular health and life expectancy. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet, primarily based on the consumption of fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, olive oil, spices, followed by fish and seafood-derived protein, has demonstrated a certain degree of protection against cardiometabolic diseases. However, the impact on a population with high cardiovascular risk and established cardiovascular disease remains uncertain. Considering the evolving evidence on dietary patterns and the need to understand how viable diets in our context affect individuals with a higher risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease, the objective of this review is to present updated evidence on the benefits of the Mediterranean diet in individuals with high cardiovascular risk. For this purpose, a literature search was performed in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Scielo databases.

Ubicación tipográfica de la esteatosis pancreática diagnosticada por ecoendoscopia clasificada según los patrones sonográficos y probable relación con edad y sexo / Topographic location of endoscopy diagnosed pancreatic steatosis, classified according to sonographic patterns and age & sex relationship likelihood

La esteatosis pancreática es un factor de riesgo para pancreatitis y procesos malignos del páncreas. La ecoendoscopia permite diagnosticar la Esteatosis Pancreáticas, su morfología y la topografía de los patrones fonográficos, que ella presenta. Evaluar las probables relaciones entre la clasificación desde el punto de vista morfológico y topográfico de los patrones sonográficos de la Esteatosis Pancreática diagnosticada por Ecoendoscopia y los factores determinantes tales como edad y sexo. Se tomaron para el estudio 192 pacientes con esteatosis pancreática, 106 mujeres y 86 hombres con un promedio de edad de 55 años. Se caracterizaron de acuerdo a los patrones sonográficos, encontrados y a la ubicación topográfica en la anatomía del páncreas, se estableció además la incidencia de la edad y el sexo. Topográficamente de acuerdo a la ubicación se encontró: en todo el páncreas 77.76%, istmo cuerpo y cola 10.9%, cuerpo y cola 3,6%; en proceso uncinado 2.6%, en todos estos casos la mayoría le correspondió al sexo femenino con edad promedio de 45 a 50 años. Hubo una incidencia del 50% para cada sexo en: istmo y cuerpo 1.04%, y cabeza y uncinado 3.1%. Hubo una incidencia del 100% en el sexo femenino en la ubicación: cabeza 0.5% y cuerpo 0.5%. Con edad promedio de 56 y 47 años respectivamente. Patrones endosonográficos encontrados, Patrón Difuso: 90 pacientes, mayormente del sexo femenino; 40% leve, 31,1% moderado, 24. 4% severo y no clasificado 4.5%. Patrón Heterogéneo: 82 pacientes mayormente del sexo masculino, 59.9% en Parches, 21,9% Moteado y no clasificados 18.2%. Del total, 20 pacientes presentaron un patrón mixto es decir difuso y heterogéneo con 55% a predominio del sexo masculino. La Endosonografîa nos permite obtener información mucho más detallada sobre el comportamiento de la Esteatosis Pancreática, su ubicación, sus patrones, el estudio de su comportamiento desde el inicio hasta su completa evolución...

Pancreatic steatosis is a risk factor for pancreatitis and pancreatic malignancies. EUS allows to diagnose, and to detect the morphology and the topography of sonographic patterns of Pancreatic Steatosis. To evaluate the probable relationships between the classification from the standpoint of morphological and topographical sonographic patterns of pancreatic steatosis diagnosed by Echoendoscopy and determinants such as age and sex. Study took 192 patients with pancreatic steatosis, 106 women and 86 men with an average age of 55. Were characterized according to the sonographic patterns, topography and location found in the anatomy of the pancreas, it also established the impact of age and sex. Topographically according to the location was found: in the whole pancreas 77.76%, isthmus, body and tail 10.9%, body and tail 3.6%, uncinate process 2.6% in all these cases the majority were females, mean age 45 to 50 years. There was an incidence of 50% for each sex: isthmus and body 1.04%, and 3.1%. head and uncinate There was an incidence of 100% in females in the locations: head 0.5% and body 0.5%. With an average age of 56 and 47 years respectively. Endosonographic patterns found, diffuse pattern: 90 patients, mostly female, 40% mild, 31.1% moderate, 24. 4% severe and 4.5% unclassified. Heterogeneous pattern: 82 patients mostly male, 59.9% in patches, 21.9% Mottle and 18.2% unclassified. Of the total, 20 patients had a mixed pattern, diffuse and heterogeneous with 55% male predominance. Endosonography allows much more detailed information about the behavior of pancreatic steatosis, their location, patterns, the study of their behavior from the beginning to its full development...

Trombosis de la vena porta: a propósito de 4 casos en el Hospital Militar “Dr. Carlos Arvelo” / Portal vein thrombosis: with regard to 4 cases in Hospital Militar

La trombosis venosa portal es una oclusión de la misma por un coágulo y/o trombo; o por otras causas como cirrosis, cáncer de hígado, páncreas o estómago. Afecta únicamente al tronco portal. En ausencia de un tumor maligno que invada o comprima el eje esplenoportal, la trombosis es el mecanismo etiopatogénico más frecuente que ocasiona la obstrucción venosa. Según las series estudiadas en un 7%-22% de los pacientes con trombosis portal no se identifica una condición protrombótica (trombosis portal idiopática). No obstante, en el resto de ocasiones en un 40% de casos existe un factor local desencadenante y en un 60% de casos restantes factores trombogénicos sistémicos. En más de un 15 % de estos pacientes coexisten factores etiológicos múltiples. Las consecuencias clínicas de la trombosis venosa del eje esplenoportal dependen del momento evolutivo en el que se encuentre ésta, pero también de la extensión del trombo. La principal manifestación suele ser el dolor abdominal, con frecuencia irradiado a espalda. Pueden aparecer síntomas inespecíficos como fiebre sin foco conocido, síntomas dispépticos (náuseas y plenitud postprandial) y malestar general. Los parámetros de función hepática, albúmina y tiempo de protrombina muestran mínimas alteraciones. En este trabajo quisimos exponer 4 casos de pacientes de nuestro centro a los cuales se les realizó el diagnóstico de trombosis de la vena porta, con edades comprendidas entre 30-60 años, con predominio del sexo masculino, y quienes han cumplido regularmente su tratamiento no presentando complicaciones durante su evolución, manteniéndose estables en su control entre 2003 y 2009...

Portal vein thrombosis is its occlusion by a clot and/or thrombus, or by other causes such as cirrhosis, cancer of liver, pancreas or stomach. It affects the portal trunk only. Whenever a malignant tumor invading or compressing the splenoportal axis is not present, thrombosis is the most frequent ethiopathogenetic mechanism causing vein obstruction. According to the studied series, in 7-22% of patients with portal thrombosis no prothrombotic condition (idiopathic portal thrombosis) is identified. However, in 40% of the remaining cases there is a local triggering factor, and the other 60% shows systemic thrombogenetic factors. Multiple etiologic factors coexist in over 15% of said patients. The clinical consequences of the splenoportal axis vein thrombosis depend on the evolution momentum where the thrombosis is found, and also on the thrombus’ dimension. Abdominal pain could be the main manifestation, frequently irradiated to the back. Non-specific symptoms could appear, such as fever of unknown origin, dyspeptic symptoms (nausea and postprandial fullness), and general malaise. The parameters of hepatic function, albumin, and of prothrombin time show minimal changes. In this study the cases of 4 patients of this health center were exposed; said patients were diagnosed with portal vein thrombosis and were of ages ranging 30-60, male-sex prevalence, who regularly followed their treatment and did not present complication in their evolution, staying stable in their 2003 and 2009 control...

Trombosis venosa portal extrahepática asociada a infección por citomegalovirus en una paciente con síndrome mielodisplásico: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis associated with cytomegalovirus infection in a female patient with myelodysplastic syndrome: report of a case and review of literature

La trombosis venosa portal extrahepática (TVPHE) ocurre en etapas tempranas de la vida como complicación de onfalitis, canulación de vena umbilical, sepsis intraabdominal, deshidratación y estados de hipercoagulabilidad. En la adultez, se describe la asociación a estados de hipercoagulabilidad, principalmente deficiencias de proteínas C y S, postraumática, manipulación portal, pancreatitis, así como obstrucción o invasión tumoral. En la mitad de estos casos, la etiología es desconocida. Hay reportes en la literatura de TVPEH asociada a procesos infecciosos severos como sepsis por Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, así como infección por Citomegalovirus; sin embargo estos reportes son muy escasos. Paciente femenino de 56 años de edad, con antecedente de síndrome mielodisplásico, quien acude por clínica de dolor abdominal difuso, ictericia obstructiva y trastornos en el funcionalismo hepático. Dentro de las evaluaciones efectuadas se realiza Ultrasonido Endoscópico (USE) con evidencia de trombosis venosa profunda portal y mesentérica superior con hipertensión portal, várices esofágicas y fundicas. Se plantea probable origen infeccioso por lo que se solicita serologia para CMV con niveles elevados de IgG, se inicia tratamiento antiviral con valganciclovir y betabloquenates con evolución satisfactoria luego de un año. Conclusión: A pesar de que la trombosis venosa portal asociada a la infección por CMV es un evento poco frecuente en individuos inmunocompetentes, el descarte de esta debe ser incluida dentro del plan diagnóstico de trombosis del lecho esplenoportal...

Extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis (EHPVT) occurs in early stages of life as a complication of omphalitis, cannulation of the umbilical vein, intra-abdominal sepsis, dehydration, and hypercoagulable states, mainly C and S proteins deficiencies, post-traumatic, portal vein manipulation, pancreatitis, as well as tumor invasion or obstruction. Etiology is unknown in half of these cases. In the literature, there are reports of EHPVT associated with severe infectious processes such as sepsis by Fusobacterium necrophorum, Fusobacterium nucleatum, as well as infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV). Nonetheless, such reports are very scarce. Female patient aged 56, con antecedent myelodysplastic syndrome, who attends the clinic with diffuse abdominal pain, obstructive icterus, and liver function disturbances. Among the assessments performed, an Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS) is carried out evidencing upper mesenteric and deep portal vein thrombosis with portal hypertension, esophageal and fundic varices. A probable infectious origin is stated, thus serology is requested for CMV with elevated levels of IgG; antiviral treatment is started with Valgancyclovir and Beta-Blockers with satisfactory evolution after one year. Conclusion: Despite the portal vein thrombosis associated with the infection by CMV is a rare event in immunocompetetnt persons, discarding it must be included in a diagnosis plan for splenic-portal bed thrombosis...

Lipoma gástrico sintomático resecado endoscópicamente, papel del ultrasonido endoscópico: reporte de un caso / Symptomatic gastric lipoma with endoscopic resection: role of the endoscopic ultrasound, a case report

Los lipomas gástricos representan el 5% de los lipomas gastrointestinales y entre el 1 a 3% de los tumores gástricos benignos. Suelen cursar asintomáticos y ser hallazgos incidentales o pueden manifestarse de distintas maneras, presentando desde dispepsia y dolor abdominal hasta hemorragia digestiva e intususcepción. La gastroscopia, TC y la endosonografía son útiles para el diagnóstico de estos lipomas. En caso de existir síntomas, se puede considerar la enucleación quirúrgica o endoscópica de la lesión. Presentamos el caso de una femenina de 39 años con un lipoma gástrico, que fue evaluado endosonográficamente y resecado endoscópicamente...

Gastric lipomas represent 5% of gastrointestinal lipomas, and between 1-3% of benign gastric tumors. They use to be asymptomatic and incidentally found, or may be manifested in different manners, presenting even dyspepsia and abdominal pain and up to digestive hemorrhage and intussusception. Gastroscopy, CT, and endosonography are useful for diagnosing these lipomas. In case of existing symptoms, surgical or endoscopic enucleation of the lesion might be considered. The case presented here is of a 39-year old female with a gastric lipoma that was endosonography-assessed and an endoscopic resection was performed...

Síndrome de Zollinger Ellison secundario a gastrinoma duodenal: reporte de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Zollinger Ellison syndrome secondary to duodenal gastrinoma: a case report and literature review

El síndrome de Zollinger Ellison es una entidad producto de un tumor neuroendocrino hipersecretor de gastrina, que genera acidez gástrica exagerada. Entre el 60 a 90% de los casos se comparta de forma maligna, se observan nódulos metastásicos en 50 a 67% de los casos, y se localizan principalmente en el denominado triángulos de los gastrinomas. Los métodos de imagen convencionales poseen poca sensibilidad en la detección de éstas lesiones, sobre todo para las menores a 1 cm. La endosonografía conjunto a la cintilografía de receptores de Somatostatina, son los métodos de imagen estándar de oro para diagnosticar estas lesiones. Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 57 años, que consultó con pancreatitis aguda, enfermedad ulceropéptica y diarrea, a quien se detectó y estadió una lesión única mediante endosonografía, recibió tratamiento quirúrgico de forma exitosa...

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a disorder caused by a gastrin hypersecretory neuroendocrine tumor which produces severe gastric acidity. In 60% to 90% of the cases it`s malignant; metastatic nodules are observed in 50% to 67% of the cases, and are located primarily in the so called Gastrinoma triangle. The conventional imaging methods have poor sensibility in detecting these lesions, especially for those that are less than 1 cm. The endosonography conjoint with the Somatostatin receptors scintillography are the standard imaging gold methods to diagnose these lesions. We report the case of a male 57 years-old patient who came to consult with acute pancreatitis, peptic ulcer disease and diarrhea. By endosonography we detected and staged a single lesion. He received surgical treatment successfully...

Prevalencia de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal en el hospital militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo durante los años 2000-2008

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de pacientes con diagnostico de tumores del estroma gastrointestinal hospitalizados desde el año 2000-2008 en el Hospital Militar Dr. Carlos Arvelo. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo cuyos datos fueron obtenido de la revisión de historias clínicas del hospital, en pacientes con diagnostico de GIST, cuyas biopsias confirmaron el diagnóstico. Se revisaron 7 casos, de los cuales 4 (57%) fueron masculinos, y 3 (43%) femeninos, con edades comprendidas entre 49 y 76 años, de los cuales fallecieron 2, durante su hospitalización. Se clasificaron según edad, sexo, motivo de consulta, complicaciones, y tratamiento. Resultados: De un total de 7 pacientes registrados con diagnostico de tumor del estroma gastrointestinal, fueron estudiados, 4 masculinos y 3 femeninos, con una media de edad de 64 años. Los motivos de consulta de estos pacientes de los cuales fueron: dolor abdominal, masa palpable, pérdida de peso. Conclusiones: Los tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal son un reto diagnóstico para el clínico, por lo que ante la presencia de tumoración Gastrointestinal con signos y síntomas inespecíficos, el apoyo anatomopatológico sustentado en el estudio inmunohistoquímico es determinante.

Objective: Determine the number of patients with diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor hospitalized from the year 2000-2008 in the Military Hospital Dr. Carlos Arvelo. Patients and Methods: retrospective study which information was obtained of the review of clinical histories from the file of the hospital,in patients with GISTÊs diagnosis, to which endoscopic studies were realized and which biopsies confirmed the diagnosis. There were checked 7 cases, of which 4 (57 %) were masculine, and 3 (43 %) were feminine, with ages included between 49 and 76 years, of which 2 died, during their hospitalization. They qualified according to age, sex, motive of consultation, complications, and treatment. Results: Of a whole of 7 patients registered in the file of the hospital, with diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor were studied, 4 masculine and 3 feminine, by an average of age of 64 years. The motives of consultation of these patients were: abdominal pain, palpable mass, loss of weight. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors are a diagnostic challenge for the clinician, thatÊs why when the diagnosis is made; the support in a pathological study based on immunohistochemistry is determinant.

Aneurisma de aorta torácica por úlcera aterosclerótica penetrante: tratamiento endovascular, hibrido o cirugía: revisión / Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the thoracic aorta: endovascular treatment, hybrid or surgery: a review

The aortic aneurysm is part of the acute aortic syndromes (AAS). Aortic aneurysms have a weakened tunica media. Acute aneurysm expansion may herald rupture with high morbility and mortality. Five percent of AAS are diagnosed as pentetrating atherosclerotic ulcer which is an ulceration of an atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta that penetrates the internal elastic lamina and allows hematoma formation within the tunica media of the aortic wall. Endovascular treatment is an alternative to surgery and has provided an adequate rate of successful repair. There is another type of treatment which combines surgery and endovascular repair (the hybrid open-endovascular repair) which provides adequate results. The afford mention case is about a patient with a penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer. The hematoma that results from this ulcer extends and self-contains the aneurysm, with a high risk of rupture. We will also describe the aneurysm treatment options.

Hipertensión arterial sistémica en el embarazo / Hypertension and pregnancy

Increasing evidence indicates that hypertension in pregnancy is an under recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Compared with women who have had normotensive pregnancies, those who are hypertensive during pregnancy are at greater risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events and have a less favorable overall risk profile for CVD years after the affected pregnancies. One factor that might underlie this relationship is that hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre-eclampsia, in particular) and CVD share several common risk factors (e.g. obesity, diabetes mellitus and renal disease). Alternatively, hypertension in pregnancy could induce long-term metabolic and vascular abnormalities that might increase the overall risk of CVD later in life. In both cases, evidence regarding risk-reduction interventions specific to women who have had hypertensive pregnancies is lacking. While awaiting results of large-scale studies, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy should be screened for during assessment of a woman's overall risk profile for CVD. Women at high risk must be monitored closely for conventional risk factors that are common to both CVD and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and treated according to current evidence-based national guidelines.

Hipertensión arterial sistémica en la mujer / Hypertension in women

The cardiovascular disease is a crucial cause of morbidity and mortality in the woman mainly when they arrive at menopause. The pathophysiology and neurohormonal mechanisms widely vary with respect to the man. This finding has given the support to think that the estrogens may be playing a protector role in cardiovascular disease. However, the associated risk factors like obesity, diabetes, dislipidemia, smoking and sedentary life are increasing in an exponential form. In Mexico the population age distribution establishes that 60% of the women with hypertension are aged < 54 years old. This is reason why as factor of independent cardiovascular risk is commonest. Nevertheless, after the menopause cardiovascular mortality is greater in the woman than in the man. In this review, the importance of the new pathophysiological mechanisms and the clinical-therapeutic approach are analyzed, making emphasis in the importance of the change in the life style and also in the nutritional aspects. In Mexico the woman still have a unique role in the nutritional culture.

Abordaje clínico terapéutico del paciente adulto mayor con hipertensión arterial sistémica: recomendaciones para la práctica clínica / Therapeutic clinical approach for the elderly patient with hypertension: recommendations for clinical practice

The incidence of hypertension in the geriatric population is very high and is a significant determinant of cardiovascular risk in this group. The tendency for blood pressure to increase with age in westernized societies such as the United States may depend on environmental factors such as diet, stress, and inactivity. Our population tends to become more obese; to consume relatively greater amounts of sodium and lesser amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium; and to decrease exercising with increasing age. Senescent changes in the cardiovascular system leading to decreased vascular compliance and decreased baroreceptor sensitivity contribute not only to rising blood pressure but also to an impairment of postural reflexes and orthostatic hypotension. The hallmark of hypertension in the elderly is increased vascular resistance. Greater vascular reactivity in the elderly hypertensive patients may reflect decreased membrane sodium pump activity and decreased beta-adrenergic receptor activity as well as age-related structural changes. Treatment of diastolic hypertension in the elderly is associated with decreased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although treatment of systolic hypertension may not decrease immediate cardiovascular mortality, it appears to decrease the incidence of stroke. The initial therapeutic approach to the elderly hypertensive patient should generally consist of a reduction in salt and caloric intake and an increase in aerobic exercise, i.e., walking. Drug therapy should be initiated with lower doses of medication with a special concern about orthostatic hypotension.

Hipertensión arterial sistémica en el niño y adolescente / Hypertension in children and adolescence

The epidemic of childhood obesity, the risk of developing left ventricular hypertrophy, and evidence of the early development of atherosclerosis in children would make the detection of and intervention in childhood hypertension important to reduce long-term health risks; however, supporting data are lacking. Secondary hypertension is more common in preadolescent children, with most cases caused by renal disease. Primary or essential hypertension is more common in adolescents and has multiple risk factors, including obesity and a family history of hypertension. Evaluation involves a through history and physical examination, laboratory tests, and specialized studies. Management is multifaceted. Nonpharmacologic treatments include weight reduction, exercise, and dietary modifications. Although the evidence of first line therapy for hypertension is still controversial, the recommendations for pharmacologic treatment are based on symptomatic hypertension, evidence of end-organ damage, stage 2 of hypertension, or stage 1 of hypertension unresponsive to lifestyle modifications, and hypertension with diabetes mellitus.

Elevación extrema de la presión arterial (crisis hipertensiva): recomendaciones para su abordaje clínico-terapéutico / Extreme elevation of the blood pressure (hypertensive crisis): recommendations for its clinical-therapeutic approach

From beginnings of last century the hypertensive emergency was defined as the association of acutely elevation from the arterial pressure and the appearance of damage to end organ. At present is recognized the effects of the hypertensive emergency, the aspects of its patophysiology in which are included phenomenon of vasomotricity and the participation of different substances with vasoactives properties. The clinical presentation includes not only the manifestations of the increase of the arterial pressure, the end organ damage too; for this reason the hypertensive emergency needs the immediate reduction of the arterial tension to prevent the damage to specific organs. The treatment in every case will have to be individualized, with a wide knowledge of the characteristics of every medicament to obtain the best results. The diagnosis and treatment of the hypertensive emergencies needs often of the attention of its complications if they have appeared and later, of a treatment of support for the arterial hypertension.

Prevención y tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial sistémica en el paciente con enfermedad arterial coronaria / Prevention and treatment of hypertension and coronary heart disease

The association between arterial systemic hypertension arterial coronary disease has been demonstrated by cumulated evidence of several epidemiological studies. Hypertension is an important independent risk factor for the development of coronary artery disease, vascular cerebral disease and nephropathy. Important advances exist in the knowledge of neurohumoral and hemodynamic factors that come together in the pathophysiology of the hypertension and in the development of coronary disease that allow to establish better strategies not only of treatment, but also of prevention, with the purpose of diminishing the cardiovascular mortality. The spectrum of the coronary artery disease secondary to atherosclerosis is wide and the strategies of treatment of hypertension must be adapted to each particular case. The treatment of both conditions needs of specific limits of agreement to the conditions of the patient and the form of presentation of each one of these disease.

Guías clínicas para la detección, prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de hipertensión arterial sistémica en México (2008) / Clinical guidelines for detection, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of systemic arterial hypertension in Mexico (2008)

The multidisciplinary Institutional Committee of experts in Systemic Arterial Hypertension from the National Institute of Cardiology [quot ]Ignacio Chávez[quot ] presents its update (2008) of [quot ]Guidelines and Recommendations[quot ] for the early detection, control, treatment and prevention of Hypertension. The boarding tries to be simple and realistic for all that physicians whom have to face the hypertensive population in their clinical practice. The information is based in the most recent scientific evidence. These guides are principally directed to hypertensive population of emergent countries like Mexico. It is emphasized preventive health measures, the importance of the no pharmacological actions, such as good nutrition, exercise and changes in life style, (which ideally it must begin from very early ages). [quot ]We suggest that the changes in the style of life must be vigorous, continuous and systematized, with a real reinforcing by part of all the organisms related to the health education for all population (federal and private social organisms). It is the most important way to confront and prevent this pandemic of chronic diseases[quot ]. In this new edition the authors amplifies the information and importance on the matter. The preventive cardiology must contribute in multidisciplinary entailment. Based mainly on national data and the international scientific publications, we developed our own system of classification and risk stratification for the carrying people with hypertension, Called HTM (Arterial Hypertension in Mexico) index. Its principal of purpose this index is to keep in mind that the current approach of hypertension must be always multidisciplinary. The institutional committee of experts reviewed with rigorous methodology under the principles of the evidence-based medicine, both, national and international medical literature, with the purpose of adapting the concepts and guidelines for a better control and treatment of hypertension in Mexico. This work group recognizes that hypertension is not an isolated disease; therefore its approach must be in the context of the prevalence and interaction with other cardiovascular risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, dislipidemia and smoking among others. The urgent necessity is emphasized to approach in a concatenated form the diverse cardiovascular risk factors, since independently of which they share common pathophysiological mechanisms, its suitable identification and cont

Miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva / Obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was first described more than a century ago; the characteristic finding is an inappropriate myocardial hypertrophy, occurring in the absence of an obvious cause. Determination of the exact site of the hypertrophy and of the obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract, in asymmetric septal hypertrophy, establishes which is the best treatment strategy. Forty-one-year-old man with a history of recurrent palpitations without any other symptomatology. The initial electrocardiogram (EKG) showed sinus rhythm with evidence of ventricular left hypertrophy and unspecific changes in ventricular repolarization. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed HCM and mitral regurgitation. The electrophysiological study, under treatment with amiodarone, did not induce ventricular arrhythmias. The 10-years evolution of the EKG showed changes of variable degrees associated with the hypertrophy and systolic overload of the left ventricle. The echocardiographic three-dimensional reconstruction in the long axis revealed the dynamic obstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. In the hemodynamic study, the existence of a subaortic gradient confirmed the diagnosis and showed an increase of the gradient at the post-extrasystolic beat (Brockenbrough-Braunwald phenomenon). The echocardiographic three-dimensional reconstruction defines more accurately the exact site of the septal hypertrophy and its hemodynamic consequences.

Obstrucción en la vía de salida del ventrículo derecho en la miocardiopatía hipertrófica obstructiva. Informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract on the obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Case report and literature review

OHC is a disorder with a broad spectrum of morphological, functional and genetics abnormalities. The Obstruction on the Right Ventricular Outflow (OHCRV) is not expected most of the time, that's way it is not usually detected and rarely mentioned in the cardiological literature. Its clinical presentation may include basically systemic venous hypertension symptoms that come with the hypertrophic cardyomiopathy manifestations. The manifestations of an apparent Right Ventricular Hypertrophic (RVH) in the ECG are probably due to the huge septal vector that activates the septum with a major thickness. The clinical confirmation of the obstruction on the OHCRV produced by a considerable asymmetric septal hypertrophic is easily shown with bidimensional an Doppler echocardiography.